Applied Research & Systems Lab · Zambia

Designing the systems
that make nature investable

We study the institutional, digital, and financial conditions that allow Nature-based Solutions to scale.

Explore the research

In partnership with

The Nature Conservancy
GIZ
World Vision Zambia
Wageningen University & Research
University of Zambia
Luano Food Co.
WARMA

The challenge

The Problems We Are Tackling

In Zambia and across the Southern African region, Nature-based Solutions are gaining relevance but are rarely studied comparatively. There is limited cross-programme evidence on how incentive structures deliver value, which digital tools persist beyond pilots, and which community institutions enable lasting restoration.

01
No cross-programme evidence on value for money
Assessments of FMNR, erosion control measures, Cash-for-Work, and PES schemes remain project-level and siloed. No comparative benchmark exists across incentive models.
02
Over-reliance on financial incentives
Most programmes default to cash or in-kind payments, with limited integration of social, cultural, and peer-led motivation that drive long-term adoption.
03
Digital tools designed as pilots, not systems
GIS dashboards, SMS platforms, and AI extension tools are assessed on features and pilot results but not on institutional uptake or longevity. The result is a cycle of abandoned platforms.
04
Scaling is treated as technical or economic expansion only
There is little analysis of how scaling decisions are made, by whom, and whether they replicate top-down design or genuinely strengthen and leverage local institutions.

Zambia presents a strong opportunity to study these dynamics in practice, with further relevance for the Southern African region.


Our hypothesis

How Environmental Finance Changes Everything

Aid in Africa is phasing out. The next generation of NbS programming will not be funded by donors. It will be financed by the economic value that productive landscapes generate — through value chains, payment for ecosystem services, Water Funds, and green finance instruments.


Kubalo Labs exists to build the evidence base that makes that transition possible: identifying which incentives work, which digital systems last, and which policy frameworks can hold everything together, in this era of significant technological change.


Our approach

How We Study Landscapes

Three interconnected lines of inquiry — each producing evidence with direct implications for policy, investment, and practice.

1
Incentives & Governance
We study how by-laws, benefit-sharing mechanisms, conditional payments, and the political economy that shapes long-term participation, and which governance structures endure over time.
We analyse what makes landscape interventions viable and what causes them to fail.
2
Digital Landscape Systems
We study emerging hydrological models, geospatial monitoring systems, and AI-supported extension tools delivered through SMS, USSD, WhatsApp, and IVR. The focus is on adoption, maintenance, and institutional integration.
Technology alone is not the solution. Coordination is.
3
Financial Architecture
We conduct upstream research on conventional aid models, as well as emerging instruments — payments for ecosystem services, performance-based financing, green bonds and conservation finance models — building evidence on what works in African contexts.
We are not promoting any particular financial products. We inform how they are designed and implemented.

Where we are now

Current Direction

The work is underway. The Lower Kafue River Basin is our primary field site — one of Zambia's most ecologically and hydrologically significant landscapes, and the focus of an evolving conservation governance system.

The systems are active and the research is ongoing.


Collaboration

Who We Work With

We work alongside organisations developing landscape-scale programmes — from policy design to field implementation and financing structures.

Applied work is carried out in collaboration with affiliated organisations and project partners, with a focus on generating evidence that informs real-world systems.

If that includes you, we welcome the conversation.


From the field

Field Notes

Observations, findings, and reflections from active research in the Kafue River Basin — written for practitioners, partners, and anyone working on the same problems.

Why Farmers Restore Land Without Being Paid: Early Observations on Intrinsic Motivation in FMNR
Across three community sites in Zambia, we are documenting cases where Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration is spreading without formal incentive structures. What is driving it and what does it mean for programme design?
The Zombie App Problem: Why Most Digital Tools Don't Survive Their Pilots
GIS dashboards. SMS platforms. Data collection apps. We are finding a consistent pattern: tools that work in pilots but disappear soon after. A preliminary look at why, and what embedded adoption actually requires.
After Donor Funding: What the Kafue Water Fund Reveals About the Future of Conservation Finance in Zambia
As conventional aid flows shift and NGO budgets tighten, the Payment for Ecosystem Services model offers a rare live case study in building conservation finance from landscape value. What we are learning in year one.
View all field notes

Connect With Us

Follow the work, read the evidence, and reach out if it speaks to what you do.

Contact us Discuss collaboration
Download the research brief Overview of current work
Stay informed Subscribe to field notes and research updates
Follow ongoing work and insights LinkedIn · Instagram · X

The evidence on what works in NbS — which incentives last, which tools stick, which finance instruments hold — does not yet exist at the scale the field needs. Zambia's landscapes hold more potential than the current evidence base reflects. Kubalo Labs exists to close that gap — methodically, in the field, with findings designed to travel.